Quill Project

PACT: Mini Models

This negotiation contains a selection of mini-models designed to provide an insight into the ongoing work of PACT and to demonstrate Quill's approach to visualising the archive material and tracking the process of negotiation. It differs from our usual approach in that we will be presenting only certain documents and moments in isolation, rather than including everything tabled during the course of a negotiation. This collection is still under construction, and we will be regularly adding small amounts of new material.

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Madras

This is one of the 12 delegations in the convention, accounting for 7 of 54 people who took part.

Members (7):

Name	Visualize	Details	Delegations
M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar	Visualize	Madabhushi Ananthasayanam Ayyangar was born on 4 February 1891 in Thiruchanur, in present-day Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh. He completed his schooling at Devasthana High School in Tirupati, earned a B.A. from Pachiappa’s College, and later obtained a law degree from Madras Law College. He began his professional life as a Mathematics teacher before transitioning into law in 1915. As a lawyer, Ayyangar advocated for judicial reforms that reflected Indian realities, rather than replicating British legal systems. Ayyangar played an active role in India’s freedom struggle. He participated in the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1921, the Individual Satyagraha in 1940, and the Quit India Movement in 1942. In 1934, he was elected to the Central Legislative Assembly as a representative of the Indian National Congress. Elected to the Constituent Assembly from Madras, Ayyangar was an influential voice in debates concerning fundamental rights and the judiciary. After independence, he served as the Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha from 1952 to 1956, and then as Speaker until 1962. He also represented India at the Commonwealth Parliamentary Conference in Ottawa and chaired the Railway Convention Committee. Ayyangar later served as the Governor of Bihar from 1962 to 1967.	Madras (PACT: Mini Models) , Madras (This negotiation)
Mahboob Ali Baig	Visualize	None	Madras (PACT: Mini Models) , Madras (This negotiation)
Mohamed Ismail	Visualize	None	Madras (PACT: Mini Models) , Madras (This negotiation)
T.T. Krishnamachari	Visualize	Congress party; General community	Madras (PACT: Mini Models) , Madras (This negotiation)
K. Santhanam	Visualize	(1895-1980) Political Party: Indian National Congress Biography: Kasturiranga Santhanam was born in 1895 in the Madras Presidency. After completing his education at the Madras Law College, he began his legal career in 1920, practicing at the High Court of Madras. Santhanam joined the Non-Cooperation Movement and participated in the Satyagraha campaigns, during which he was imprisoned three times between 1930 and 1932. Between 1922 and 1930, he actively promoted khadi production across Tamil Nadu and served as Secretary of the All India Khadi Board at Tiruppur. He also managed the Gandhi Ashram at Tiruchengode from 1925 to 1930. Santhanam’s also served as the first editor of the Indian Express, one of India’s most widely read English language newspapers, from 1932 to 1940. During his tenure, he was elected to the Madras Legislative Assembly, serving from 1936 until his resignation in 1942. A dedicated member of the Indian National Congress, he was involved with both the Tamil Nadu and All India Congress Committees. In 1944, Santhanam was appointed Joint Secretary of the Sapru Committee, and in 1948, he became Minister of State for Transport and Railways. Santhanam was elected to the Constituent Assembly representing Madras, where he contributed notably to discussions on adult franchise, local governance, and citizenship. Later, he served as Lieutenant Governor of Vindhya Pradesh. In 1962, he chaired the Committee on Prevention of Corruption, whose recommendations led to the establishment of the Central Vigilance Commission in 1964. Santhanam also wrote several books, including An Anthology of Indian Literature, Gospel of Gandhi, and Union-State Relations in India.	Madras (PACT: Mini Models) , Madras (This negotiation)
B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya	Visualize	(1880-1957) Political Party: Indian National Congress Biography: Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya was born on 24 November, 1880, in Masulipatnam (now Machilipatnam) located in present-day Andhra Pradesh. He pursued his medical education at Madras Medical College. From 1906 to 1916, he practiced medicine in Masulipatnam before giving up his medical career to fully dedicate himself to India’s freedom struggle. Sitaramayya's involvement in the Indian independence movement began in 1916 when he joined the Indian National Congress. He actively participated in movements such as the Home Rule Movement, the Salt Satyagraha, and the Quit India Movement. His contributions to the Congress party were significant, leading to his election as its president in 1948 during the Jaipur Session. He was imprisoned multiple times for his participation in these movements. As a member of the Constituent Assembly Negotiating Committee, he was instrumental in integrating princely states into the Indian Union. He also chaired the Committee of Chief Commissioner's Provinces, which made recommendations on Delhi's administrative and legislative framework. His legacy extends beyond politics, as he founded several institutions, including Andhra Bank and the English weekly "Janmabhumi."	Madras (PACT: Mini Models) , Madras (This negotiation)
C. Subrahmanyam	Visualize	Chidambaram Subramaniam was born on 30 January, 1910, in Senguttaipalayam, a village in Coimbatore district, Presidency of Fort St. George (present-day Tamil Nadu). He studied physics at Presidency College, University of Madras, and later law at Madras Law College. As a member of the Indian National Congress, he held important positions, including President of the Coimbatore District Congress Committee and Member of the Working Committee of the State Congress Committee. Subramaniam actively participated in the Quit India Movement, leading to his imprisonment in 1932 and again in 1941. He was elected to the Constituent Assembly from Madras and contributed to debates on the freedom of trade and commerce. After independence, Subramaniam played a significant role in shaping India's political and economic policies. He was elected to the Madras Legislative Assembly and held various cabinet positions, including those of Minister of Steel and Mines, Agriculture, Finance, and Defence. As Agriculture Minister in 1965, he initiated the transformative ‘Green Revolution,’ which greatly increased India's foodgrain production. Subramaniam later served as the Governor of Maharashtra from 1990 to 1993. For his contributions, he was awarded the Bharat Ratna by the Government of India in 1998.	Madras (PACT: Mini Models) , Madras (This negotiation)