- Madras
PACT: Mini Models
This negotiation contains a selection of mini-models designed to provide an insight into the ongoing work of PACT and to demonstrate Quill's approach to visualising the archive material and tracking the process of negotiation. It differs from our usual approach in that we will be presenting only certain documents and moments in isolation, rather than including everything tabled during the course of a negotiation. This collection is still under construction, and we will be regularly adding small amounts of new material.
Madras
This is one of the 24 delegations in the convention, accounting for 20 of 154 people who took part.
Members (20):
| Name | Visualize | Details | Delegations |
|---|---|---|---|
| O.V. Alagesan | Visualize | (1911 - 1992) Political Party: Indian National Congress Biography: O.V. Alagesan was born on 6 September, 1911, in Ozhalur village in present-day Tamil Nadu. He studied at Presidency College in Madras from 1928 to 1930 but left to join India’s freedom struggle. Initially working as an agriculturist, he soon turned his focus entirely to politics, becoming a member of the Chengalpattu Taluk Congress Committee from 1930 to 1935 and later serving on the Tamil Nadu Congress Committee from 1945 to 1948. Alagesan actively participated in several major movements during India’s independence struggle, including the Salt Satyagraha, Civil Disobedience, Individual Satyagraha, and Quit India movements. His relentless activism led to his imprisonment for over three years. After independence, he was elected to the Constituent Assembly from Madras on a Congress Party ticket, where he contributed to debates on bicameralism and preventive detention. Post-independence, Alagesan’s held significant ministerial roles, serving as Union Minister for Transport and Railways from 1952 to 1957 and as Minister of State for Irrigation and Power from 1962 to 1963. Beyond politics, he dedicated himself to education, founding the Bhaktavatsalam Educational Trust in 1958. | Madras (This negotiation) |
| M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar | Visualize | Madabhushi Ananthasayanam Ayyangar was born on 4 February 1891 in Thiruchanur, in present-day Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh. He completed his schooling at Devasthana High School in Tirupati, earned a B.A. from Pachiappa’s College, and later obtained a law degree from Madras Law College. He began his professional life as a Mathematics teacher before transitioning into law in 1915. As a lawyer, Ayyangar advocated for judicial reforms that reflected Indian realities, rather than replicating British legal systems. Ayyangar played an active role in India’s freedom struggle. He participated in the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1921, the Individual Satyagraha in 1940, and the Quit India Movement in 1942. In 1934, he was elected to the Central Legislative Assembly as a representative of the Indian National Congress. Elected to the Constituent Assembly from Madras, Ayyangar was an influential voice in debates concerning fundamental rights and the judiciary. After independence, he served as the Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha from 1952 to 1956, and then as Speaker until 1962. He also represented India at the Commonwealth Parliamentary Conference in Ottawa and chaired the Railway Convention Committee. Ayyangar later served as the Governor of Bihar from 1962 to 1967. | Madras (This negotiation) , Madras (PACT: Mini Models) |
| N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar | Visualize | N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar was born on 31 March 1882 in Eratekkattur village in Tanjore district of the Madras Presidency. Educated at Wesley and Presidency Colleges in Madras, he began his career as an Assistant Professor at Pachaiyappa’s College. He entered the Madras Civil Service in 1905 and held several significant posts, including Deputy Collector, District Magistrate, Registrar-General of Panchayats, and eventually Secretary to the Government in the Public Works Department. His career culminated in his role as a Member of the Board of Revenue before transitioning to public life. Ayyangar’s political career began with being appointed Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir in 1937, serving until 1943. During this period, he introduced reforms in administration, education, and forestry, and helped shape early policy in the princely state. He later represented India in the Central Legislative Assembly and the Council of State, where he served on important committees, including the Sapru Committee on constitutional reform and the Armed Forces Nationalisation Committee. In 1946, he joined the Constituent Assembly and became a key member of its Drafting Committee. He was notably the principal drafter of Article 370, which until 2019 had defined the unique constitutional position of Jammu and Kashmir within India. Post-independence, Ayyangar served in Jawaharlal Nehru’s first cabinet, initially as a minister without portfolio in charge of Kashmir Affairs, and led the Indian delegation to the United Nations Security Council in 1948. From 1948 to 1952, he was India’s Minister for Railways and Transport, overseeing major expansions and reorganization, including the creation of six railway zones. His last role was as Defence Minister before his death in 1953. | Madras (This negotiation) |
| Alladi Krishnaswamy Ayyar | Visualize | (1883-1953) Political Party: Indian National Congress Biography: Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer was born on 14 May, 1883, in the village of Pudur, District Nellore, currently part of Andhra Pradesh. He studied at Christian College and Law College, Madras, and was admitted as an advocate to the High Court of Judicature, Madras, in 1907. A legal luminary, he served as the Advocate-General of Madras from 1929 to 1944, and on the Expert Committee responsible for drafting the Indian Sale of Goods Act, 1930, and the Indian Partnership Act, 1932. His contributions extended to academia, where he was a Fellow of Madras University and a member of its Syndicate. As a member of the Constituent Assembly, he was part of nine committees, including the Drafting Committee, the Advisory Committee, the Union Constitution Committee and the Fundamental Rights Sub-Committee. He made key interventions in debates on citizenship, fundamental rights, and the proclamation of emergency. | Madras (This negotiation) |
| Mahboob Ali Baig | Visualize | None | Madras (This negotiation) , Madras (PACT: Mini Models) |
| Jerome D'Souza | Visualize | (1897-1977) Political Party: Indian National Congress Biography: Rev. Jerome D’Souza was born on 6 August 1897 in the Moolki town of South Canara, now in Karnataka. He pursued his early education at St. Aloysius College, later graduating in English literature from the University of Madras. He briefly taught at St. Joseph’s College in Tiruchirappalli before joining the Society of Jesus on 29 May 1921. His theological training took him to Belgium and France, where he was ordained as a Jesuit priest in 1931. Returning to India, he was appointed Principal of his alma mater, St. Joseph’s College, and later became its Rector in 1938 the first Indian to hold that position. During this time, he developed ties with key nationalist figures such as Jawaharlal Nehru and C. Rajagopalachari. While serving as Rector and Principal of Loyola College in Chennai in the 1940s, D'Souza was appointed to the War Reconstruction Committee to help design post-war educational policies. In 1946, he was elected to the Constituent Assembly from Madras, where he contributed to the debates on national language, minority rights, and reservations. In 1949, Prime Minister Nehru nominated him to represent India at the United Nations General Assembly, where he served across four sessions. He played an instrumental role in negotiating with the Vatican on matters concerning church administration in India and led talks with the French government for the peaceful transfer of French colonial territories to India. | Madras (This negotiation) |
| G. Durgabai | Visualize | (1909-1981) Political Party: Indian National Congress Biography: G. Durgabai Deshmukh was born on 15 July 1909 in Rajahmundry (now in Kakinada district), Andhra Pradesh. She left school at the age of 12 to protest the imposition of English as the medium of instruction. Two years later, she volunteered at the Indian National Congress session in Kakinada. She completed her M.A. from Andhra University while imprisoned and later earned a law degree from Madras University, practicing for a time at the Madras High Court. Deeply involved in India’s independence movement, Durgabai took part in the Salt Satyagraha in Madras in 1930 and was arrested multiple times for her activism. In 1936, she established the Andhra Mahila Sabha in Madras, an institution dedicated to coaching Telugu-speaking girls for the Banaras Hindu University matriculation exams. She also founded and edited Andhra Mahila, a Telugu-language journal focused on women's issues. Her commitment to women's education extended to founding schools like the Balika Hindi Pathsala in Cocanada and organising training camps in basic education and midwifery for women across Andhra. As a member of the Constituent Assembly from the Madras, she made significant contributions to debates on the national language, judicial independence, and human trafficking. After independence, she held leadership roles in major institutions such as the Central Social Welfare Board, the National Council for Women’s Education, and the Planning Commission. In 1958, she chaired the National Committee on Girls’ and Women’s Education, influencing national policy on women’s empowerment. | Madras (This negotiation) |
| Mohamed Ismail | Visualize | None | Madras (This negotiation) , Madras (PACT: Mini Models) |
| T.T. Krishnamachari | Visualize | Congress party; General community | Madras (This negotiation) , Madras (PACT: Mini Models) |
| S. Nagappa | Visualize | Congress party; General community | Madras (This negotiation) |
| V.I. Muniswami Pillai | Visualize | Congress party; General community | Madras (This negotiation) |
| T. Prakasam | Visualize | Congress party | Madras (This negotiation) |
| S.H. Prater | Visualize | Ango-Indian community | Madras (This negotiation) |
| C. Rajagopalachari | Visualize | Congress party; General community | Madras (This negotiation) |
| V.C. Kesava Rao | Visualize | Congress party; General community | Madras (This negotiation) |
| Abdul Sathar Ishaq Sait | Visualize | None | Madras (This negotiation) |
| K. Santhanam | Visualize | (1895-1980) Political Party: Indian National Congress Biography: Kasturiranga Santhanam was born in 1895 in the Madras Presidency. After completing his education at the Madras Law College, he began his legal career in 1920, practicing at the High Court of Madras. Santhanam joined the Non-Cooperation Movement and participated in the Satyagraha campaigns, during which he was imprisoned three times between 1930 and 1932. Between 1922 and 1930, he actively promoted khadi production across Tamil Nadu and served as Secretary of the All India Khadi Board at Tiruppur. He also managed the Gandhi Ashram at Tiruchengode from 1925 to 1930. Santhanam’s also served as the first editor of the Indian Express, one of India’s most widely read English language newspapers, from 1932 to 1940. During his tenure, he was elected to the Madras Legislative Assembly, serving from 1936 until his resignation in 1942. A dedicated member of the Indian National Congress, he was involved with both the Tamil Nadu and All India Congress Committees. In 1944, Santhanam was appointed Joint Secretary of the Sapru Committee, and in 1948, he became Minister of State for Transport and Railways. Santhanam was elected to the Constituent Assembly representing Madras, where he contributed notably to discussions on adult franchise, local governance, and citizenship. Later, he served as Lieutenant Governor of Vindhya Pradesh. In 1962, he chaired the Committee on Prevention of Corruption, whose recommendations led to the establishment of the Central Vigilance Commission in 1964. Santhanam also wrote several books, including An Anthology of Indian Literature, Gospel of Gandhi, and Union-State Relations in India. | Madras (This negotiation) , Madras (PACT: Mini Models) |
| B. Pattabhi Sitaramayya | Visualize | (1880-1957) Political Party: Indian National Congress Biography: Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya was born on 24 November, 1880, in Masulipatnam (now Machilipatnam) located in present-day Andhra Pradesh. He pursued his medical education at Madras Medical College. From 1906 to 1916, he practiced medicine in Masulipatnam before giving up his medical career to fully dedicate himself to India’s freedom struggle. Sitaramayya's involvement in the Indian independence movement began in 1916 when he joined the Indian National Congress. He actively participated in movements such as the Home Rule Movement, the Salt Satyagraha, and the Quit India Movement. His contributions to the Congress party were significant, leading to his election as its president in 1948 during the Jaipur Session. He was imprisoned multiple times for his participation in these movements. As a member of the Constituent Assembly Negotiating Committee, he was instrumental in integrating princely states into the Indian Union. He also chaired the Committee of Chief Commissioner's Provinces, which made recommendations on Delhi's administrative and legislative framework. His legacy extends beyond politics, as he founded several institutions, including Andhra Bank and the English weekly "Janmabhumi." | Madras (This negotiation) , Madras (PACT: Mini Models) |
| C. Subrahmanyam | Visualize | Chidambaram Subramaniam was born on 30 January, 1910, in Senguttaipalayam, a village in Coimbatore district, Presidency of Fort St. George (present-day Tamil Nadu). He studied physics at Presidency College, University of Madras, and later law at Madras Law College. As a member of the Indian National Congress, he held important positions, including President of the Coimbatore District Congress Committee and Member of the Working Committee of the State Congress Committee. Subramaniam actively participated in the Quit India Movement, leading to his imprisonment in 1932 and again in 1941. He was elected to the Constituent Assembly from Madras and contributed to debates on the freedom of trade and commerce. After independence, Subramaniam played a significant role in shaping India's political and economic policies. He was elected to the Madras Legislative Assembly and held various cabinet positions, including those of Minister of Steel and Mines, Agriculture, Finance, and Defence. As Agriculture Minister in 1965, he initiated the transformative ‘Green Revolution,’ which greatly increased India's foodgrain production. Subramaniam later served as the Governor of Maharashtra from 1990 to 1993. For his contributions, he was awarded the Bharat Ratna by the Government of India in 1998. | Madras (This negotiation) , Madras (PACT: Mini Models) |
| T.J.M. Wilson | Visualize | None | Madras (This negotiation) |